{"id":604,"date":"2021-01-23T06:48:11","date_gmt":"2021-01-23T06:48:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.net\/blog\/?p=604"},"modified":"2023-07-24T07:26:07","modified_gmt":"2023-07-24T07:26:07","slug":"oral-nano-drug-delivery-system-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.net\/blog\/oral-nano-drug-delivery-system-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Oral Nano-drug Delivery System 2"},"content":{"rendered":"

The previous article introduced the relevant information about choosing liposomes and nanoparticles as drug carriers in oral nano-drug delivery systems.\u00a0This article will continue to introduce the feature of microemulsions, polymers, dendrimers and nano-drug crystals as oral drug carriers.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Figure 1. An illustration of the steps for nanoparticle-mediated oral delivery.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Microemulsion
\nMicroemulsion is formed by mixing water phase, oil phase, surfactant and co-surfactant in appropriate proportions, with a particle size of 10~100mpm, transparent or translucent, low viscosity, isotropic thermodynamics and kinetics For a stable oil-water mixing system, there is also literature that the particle size of the microemulsion is 20~200nm.<\/p>\n

Microemulsions have received extensive attention in recent years because of their significant targeting, sustained-release effects and strong solubilization effects on poorly soluble drugs.\u00a0After oral administration, microemulsion can be absorbed through the lymph, can avoid the first pass effect of the liver, and can overcome the obstacle of macromolecular drugs passing through the gastrointestinal epithelial cell membrane.\u00a0The surface tension of the microemulsion is low, and it is easy to pass through the hydration layer of the gastrointestinal tract, so that the drug directly contacts with the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract to promote absorption and improve bioavailability.\u00a0At present, the microemulsion preparations that have been marketed for clinical use include cyclosporin A self-microemulsifying preparation capsules, clotrimazole microemulsion, carboxymethyl gluconate D-panthenol and copper pyridine sulfate microemulsion for treating psoriasis and neurodermatitis.<\/p>\n

Polymer Micelles
\nThe polymer micelles<\/u><\/a>\u00a0are composed of amphiphilic polymers.\u00a0When the concentration of amphiphilic polymers in water exceeds the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the molecules spontaneously form thermodynamically stable micelles with lipophilic core and hydrophilic shell structures.\u00a0The particle size of polymer micelles is in the range of 10~100nm, and the particle size distribution is generally narrow.\u00a0Polymer micelles are similar to surfactant micelles, except that the polymer CMC is several orders of magnitude lower than that of surfactants.\u00a0Therefore, polymer micelles are more resistant to body fluid dilution and more stable than small molecule micelles.\u00a0The hydrophobic core of the polymer micelle can be used as a reservoir for poorly soluble drugs, and the hydrophilic shell can contain water-soluble drugs.\u00a0The structure, surface properties (such as biotin, polypeptide modification), size, and surface potential of micelles will affect their in vivo behavior, further achieving controlled drug release and targeting.\u00a0The small particle size of the orally administered polymer micelles facilitates crossing the mucosal barrier, increases the stability of the encapsulated drugs, promotes drug absorption, and improves drug bioavailability.<\/p>\n

Dendrimer
\nDendrimers<\/u><\/a>, also known as dendrimers, are new synthetic polymer nanomaterials.\u00a0They were first invented and successfully synthesized by American chemist Dr. Tomaia in the 1980s.\u00a0A dendrimer is a monodisperse macromolecule with a repeating unit structure and a high degree of branching.\u00a0Dendrimers can be regarded as single-molecule micelles, which overcome the shortcomings of traditional micelle molecules that need to reach CMC.\u00a0Small molecular compounds can be wrapped inside to achieve controlled release under certain conditions.\u00a0There are a large number of reactive groups on the surface of dendrimer.\u00a0Drug molecules can be physically embedded in it, or chemically bonded to the surface;\u00a0at the same time, other types of dendrimers can be attached to the surface or nano-encapsulated inside.\u00a0Gold to optimize its performance.\u00a0After the drug is coupled with the dendrimer, it can increase the stability, shield the antigen point of action, reduce glomerular filtration, prolong the circulation time in the body, reduce the administration dose, and achieve controlled drug release and passive targeting.\u00a0The dendrimer surface can also be modified by antibodies and ligands to achieve high targeting.\u00a0Dendrimers have been widely used in the delivery of antitumor drugs, antiviral drugs, antibacterial drugs, vaccines, genetic drugs, nuclear magnetic resonance contrast agents, etc<\/i><\/em>., and are also widely used in injection, oral, ocular, and transdermal drug delivery.<\/p>\n

Nano Drug Crystal
\nMany drugs are hardly soluble in water or even in organic solvents.\u00a0Poor solubility often causes problems in the bioavailability of drugs, and the absorption varies greatly.\u00a0Emulsification, micronization, cyclodextrin inclusion, addition of co-solvents, use of mixed solvents, surfactant solubilization and solid dispersion technologies can partially solve the problem of low bioavailability of insoluble drugs, but there are still a large number of drugs due to biological The utilization problem cannot be overcome and it is abandoned.\u00a0Drug nanocrystals, also known as nano-suspensions, are a stably dispersed colloidal dispersion system formed by drug particles and a small amount of surfactant or polymer materials.\u00a0Nano drug crystals can solve the dissolution problems of many poorly soluble drugs, and can improve the bioavailability to a certain extent.\u00a0The FDA has approved a number of related products to market.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The previous article introduced the relevant information about choosing liposomes and nanoparticles as drug carriers in oral nano-drug delivery systems.\u00a0This article will continue to introduce the feature of microemulsions, polymers, dendrimers and nano-drug crystals as oral drug carriers. Microemulsion Microemulsion is formed by mixing water phase, oil phase, surfactant and co-surfactant in appropriate proportions, with a particle size of 10~100mpm, transparent or translucent, low viscosity, isotropic thermodynamics and kinetics For a stable oil-water mixing system, there is also literature that the particle size of the microemulsion is 20~200nm. Microemulsions have received extensive attention in recent years because of their significant targeting, sustained-release effects and strong solubilization effects on poorly soluble drugs.\u00a0After oral administration, microemulsion can be absorbed through the lymph, can avoid the first pass effect of the liver, and can overcome the obstacle of macromolecular drugs passing through the gastrointestinal epithelial cell membrane.\u00a0The surface tension of the microemulsion is low, and it is easy to pass through the hydration layer of the gastrointestinal tract, so that the drug directly contacts with the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract to promote absorption and improve bioavailability.\u00a0At present, the microemulsion preparations that have been marketed for clinical use include cyclosporin A self-microemulsifying preparation capsules, clotrimazole microemulsion, carboxymethyl gluconate D-panthenol and copper pyridine sulfate microemulsion for treating psoriasis and neurodermatitis. Polymer Micelles The polymer micelles\u00a0are composed of amphiphilic polymers.\u00a0When the concentration of amphiphilic polymers in water exceeds the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the molecules spontaneously form thermodynamically stable micelles with lipophilic core and hydrophilic shell structures.\u00a0The particle size of polymer micelles is in the range of 10~100nm, and the particle size distribution is generally narrow.\u00a0Polymer micelles are similar to surfactant micelles, except that the polymer CMC is several orders of magnitude lower than that of surfactants.\u00a0Therefore, polymer micelles are more resistant to body fluid dilution and more stable than small molecule micelles.\u00a0The hydrophobic core of the polymer micelle can be used as a reservoir for poorly soluble drugs, and the hydrophilic shell can contain water-soluble drugs.\u00a0The structure, surface properties (such as biotin, polypeptide modification), size, and surface potential of micelles will affect their in vivo behavior, further achieving controlled drug release and targeting.\u00a0The small particle size of the orally administered polymer micelles facilitates crossing the mucosal barrier, increases the stability of the encapsulated drugs, promotes drug absorption, and improves drug bioavailability. Dendrimer Dendrimers, also known as dendrimers, are new synthetic polymer nanomaterials.\u00a0They were first invented and successfully synthesized by American chemist Dr. Tomaia in the 1980s.\u00a0A dendrimer is a monodisperse macromolecule with a repeating unit structure and a high degree of branching.\u00a0Dendrimers can be regarded as single-molecule micelles, which overcome the shortcomings of traditional micelle molecules that need to reach CMC.\u00a0Small molecular compounds can be wrapped inside to achieve controlled release under certain conditions.\u00a0There are a large number of reactive groups on the surface of dendrimer.\u00a0Drug molecules can be physically embedded in it, or chemically bonded to the surface;\u00a0at the same time, other types of dendrimers can be attached to the surface or nano-encapsulated inside.\u00a0Gold to optimize its performance.\u00a0After the drug is coupled with the dendrimer, it can increase the stability, shield the antigen point of action, reduce glomerular filtration, prolong the circulation time in the body, reduce the administration dose, and achieve controlled drug release and passive targeting.\u00a0The dendrimer surface can also be modified by antibodies and ligands to achieve high targeting.\u00a0Dendrimers have been widely used in the delivery of antitumor drugs, antiviral drugs, antibacterial drugs, vaccines, genetic drugs, nuclear magnetic resonance contrast agents, etc., and are also widely used in injection, oral, ocular, and transdermal drug delivery. Nano Drug Crystal Many drugs are hardly soluble in water or even in organic solvents.\u00a0Poor solubility often causes problems in the bioavailability of drugs, and the absorption varies greatly.\u00a0Emulsification, micronization, cyclodextrin inclusion, addition of co-solvents, use of mixed solvents, surfactant solubilization and solid dispersion technologies can partially solve the problem of low bioavailability of insoluble drugs, but there are still a large number of drugs due to biological The utilization problem cannot be overcome and it is abandoned.\u00a0Drug nanocrystals, also known as nano-suspensions, are a stably dispersed colloidal dispersion system formed by drug particles and a small amount of surfactant or polymer materials.\u00a0Nano drug crystals can solve the dissolution problems of many poorly soluble drugs, and can improve the bioavailability to a certain extent.\u00a0The FDA has approved a number of related products to market.  <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[7],"class_list":["post-604","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-delivery-method","tag-application"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/604"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=604"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/604\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":606,"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/604\/revisions\/606"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=604"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=604"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cd-bioparticles.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=604"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}