Tetrazolyl Porphyrin-Based Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks: Active Sites-Mediated Host-Guest Synergy for Advanced Antimicrobial Applications

Hou, YJ; Fang, ST; Zhang, XY; Wang, J; Ruan, QJ; Xiang, ZM; Wang, Z; Zhu, XJ

Abstract

Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) with multiple functions and permanent pores have received widespread attention due to their potential applications in gas adsorption/separation, drug delivery, photo-catalysis, proton conduction, and other fields. Herein, we constructed a three-dimensional (3D) HOF with 1D square channels by utilizing a dual-functional tetrazolyl porphyrin ligand bearing an active center of the porphyrin core and open sites of nitrogen atoms through Jr-Jr stacking and hydrogen-bonding interaction self-assembly. The structure exhibits both solvent resistance and thermal stability, and especially, maintains these after being transformed into nanoparticles. Meanwhile, the active sites exposed on the inner wall of the pores can interact well with the photoactive cationic dye molecules to form an effective host-guest (H-G) system, which can realize boosted photosensitized singlet oxygen (1O2) production under red light irradiation and synergistic sterilization toward Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) with an inhibition ratio as high as 99.9%. This work provides a valuable design concept for HOF-related systems in pursuit of promoted photoactivity.

Keywords: HOFs; host-guest system; dye adsorption; synergistic sterilization; tetrazolium porphyrin

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Hydrogen-bonded Organic Framework (HOF) Materials

Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) exhibit potential advantages in advanced antimicrobial applications. This molecular structure forms an organic network through unique hydrogen bond interactions, providing a tunable microscopic pore structure. HOF can be used as an advanced antibacterial carrier to embed antibacterial agents into its pores to achieve sustained and controllable release. This release mechanism can increase the effectiveness of antibacterial agents and reduce adverse effects on the human body. HOF is also biocompatible and is expected to be used in innovative infection control strategies, opening new possibilities for advanced antibacterial treatments and better meeting clinical needs.