Polymeric Nanoparticles Production

CD Bioparticles is a leading manufacturer and supplier of various drug delivery products, including polymeric nanoparticles for R&D and commercialization in a variety of application areas. In recent decades, polymeric nanoparticles are widely used in the field of drug delivery, and CD Bioparticles could provide custom formulation service to meet our clients' need to use polymeric nanoparticles as drug carriers.

Introduction to Polymeric Nanoparticles

Polymer is a class of natural or synthetic substances composed of macromolecules that are multiples of monomers. Polymeric nanoparticles are manipulatable materials and have the potential of reabsorption in the body. Due to their favorable properties such as good biocompatibility, easy design and preparation, a variety of structures and interesting bio-mimetic characters, and especially their ability to deliver therapeutic agents directly into the intended site of action with superior efficacy, they have attracted greater attention in the last two decades as a multifunctional nanotechnology-based drug delivery system. They consist of macromolecular materials and can be used therapeutically as adjuvant in vaccines or drug carriers in which the active ingredient is dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated, adsorbed or chemically attached.

Figure 1. Schematic representation of polymer types.

With its characters as a nanocarriers, polymeric nanoparticles protect drugs against in vitro and in vivo degradation, releases the drug in a controlled manner and also offers the possibility of drug targeting to achieve increase in drug therapeutic efficacy and reduction in side effects. Also among different delivery systems, polymeric based nano-carriers have numerous properties such as simple to synthesize, inexpensive, biocompatible, biodegradable, non-immunogenic, non-toxic and water soluble. Polymeric carriers avoid the interaction of the drug with macromolecules such as proteins, which could sequester the active ingredients preventing its arrival at the action place. Polymer-based systems are more cost-effective and easier to produce and scale up than liposomes with long stability profiles. Decreased toxicity, occurrence of adverse drug reactions and better drug utilization can be realized by taking advantage of this type of carrier. Chitosan, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyhydroxyalkanoates, poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid) are typical polymers which are most widely used in drug delivery system and show great potential in therapeutic diagnostics applications.

Chitosan

Chitosan is one of the most widely used natural hydrophilic polymers. Its nontoxic, biocompatible, antibacterial and biodegradable properties have led to significant research towards drug delivery applications. The primary amino groups in chitosan act as the reactive site for a variety of new group attachment to generate different physical and chemical derivatives using mild reaction conditions. Their amino groups are also responsible for various properties of chitosan such as cationic nature, controlled drug release, muco-adhesion, permeation enhancement, etc. Different formulations of chitosan materials as microspheres, tablets, nanoparticles, nanofibers have been explored for drug delivery applications.

Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA)

PMMA, a non-biodegradable synthetic homopolymer of methylmethacrylate monomer (MMA), is one of the most widely explored biomedical materials for drug delivery because of its low cost, potential for scale-up investigation and easily availability, especially its biocompatibility. Kinetics of release occurs typically in a biphasic way with an incomplete drug release related to polymer hydrophobicity and low porosity. Potential biomedical application of PMMA-based nanocarriers includes their use as adjuvant for vaccines and carriers of many drugs such as antibiotics, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic via different routes of administration.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)

PHAs are the polyesters of various hydroxyalkanoate monomers accumulating as energy/carbon storage materials by granular inclusions in the cytoplasm of various bacterial cells, usually under unbalanced growth conditions. The combination of tunable properties through chain length and branching control, co-monomer composition, biodegradability, biocompatibility and thermoplastic properties make PHA a great candidate material for drug delivery applications.

Poly-(Lactic-co-glycolic Acid) (PLGA)

PLGA, the copolymer of poly lactic acid and poly glycolic acid, is one of the widely used biodegradable polymers in medical applications. The commercial availability of PLGA, favourable degradation in physiological conditions, possibility of tuning surface and physio-chemical properties, sustained drug release, presented PLGA as the most interesting polymeric drug carrier in many clinical applications. PLGA undergoes hydrolytic degradation in aqueous environment where ester linkages present along the polymer backbone are randomly hydrolyzed. Its reduction forms, water-soluble fragments, are hydrolyzed to lactic and glycolic acids that are finally broken down to form energy, carbon dioxide and water by the normal metabolic pathways of the body.

Figure 1. Different types of polymer-based nanoparticles. Drugs can be loaded in the polymeric nanocapsules/nanospheres by entrapment or absorption. (Kumar, S., et al. BioNanoScience, 2012, 2(4), 227-250.)

Our Polymeric Nanoparticles Featured Services

CD Bioparticles is specialized in the development of drug delivery systems and customizing nanoparticles for drug delivery utilizing our core technologies. With our high-quality products and services, the efficacy of your drug delivery can be tremendously improved.

We can provide custom Polymeric Nanoparticles types, including:

Classified by polymer composition:

• Chitosan: Derived from chitin, a natural polymer found in crustacean shells. Chitosan nanoparticles have applications in drug delivery, wound healing, and tissue engineering.
• Methacrylate: Polymer nanoparticles derived from methacrylate monomers. They are used in various applications including dental materials, drug delivery, and tissue engineering.
• Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA): Biodegradable polymers produced by microorganisms. PHA nanoparticles have applications in packaging, agricultural films, and controlled drug delivery.
• Poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA): Biodegradable and biocompatible polymers used extensively in drug delivery systems due to their tunable properties and controlled release capabilities.
• Collagen: A natural protein found in connective tissues. Collagen nanoparticles have applications in tissue engineering, wound healing, and drug delivery.
• Dextran: A polysaccharide derived from starch. Dextran nanoparticles are used in drug delivery and medical imaging.
• Hyaluronic Acid: A natural component of the extracellular matrix. Hyaluronic acid nanoparticles are used in drug delivery and cosmetic applications.
• Polystyrene: A synthetic polymer often used in nanoparticle research due to its stability and ease of modification.
• Alginate: A natural polysaccharide derived from seaweed. Alginate nanoparticles have applications in drug delivery, wound healing, and tissue engineering.
• Activated Carbon: Carbon nanoparticles with high surface area, often used for drug delivery, water purification, and adsorption applications.

Classified by polymer structure:

• Polymer Nanoparticles: Solid nanoparticles made from polymers, used for drug delivery and other applications.
• Polymer Micelles: Self-assembled nanoparticles with a hydrophobic core and hydrophilic shell, used for delivering hydrophobic drugs.
• Polymer Nanogels: Crosslinked polymer networks that can swell and hold water, used for drug delivery and tissue engineering.
• Nanoemulsions: Colloidal systems of oil and water stabilized by an emulsifying agent, used for drug delivery and food technology.
• Dendrimers: Highly branched nanoparticles with a well-defined structure, used for drug delivery and diagnostic imaging.

We offer well-designed drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticle products based on chitosan, PMMA, PHA, PLGA matrix and so on. Clients may select the material type, particle size, size distribution, and/or surface functional groups such as carboxyl or amine groups. And we also provide custom services for designing and synthesizing polymeric carriers with special required drug loading, together with its analysis and characterization before and after encapsulation.

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References

1. Khalid, M., El-Sawy, H. S. Polymeric nanoparticles: Promising platform for drug delivery. International journal of pharmaceutics, 2017, 528(1-2), 675-691.
2. Kumari, A., Yadav, S. K., Yadav, S. C. Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles based drug delivery systems. Colloids and surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2010, 75(1), 1-18.
3. Saikia, C., Gogoi, P., Maji, T. K. Chitosan: A promising biopolymer in drug delivery applications. J. Mol. Genet. Med. S, 2015, 4, 006.
4. Kapoor, D. N., Bhatia, A., Kaur, R., Sharma, R., Kaur, G., Dhawan, S. PLGA: a unique polymer for drug delivery. Therapeutic delivery, 2015, 6(1), 41-58.
5. Giliopoulos D, et al.; Polymer/Metal Organic Framework (MOF) Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications. Molecules. 2020, 25(1):185.
6. Javia A, et al.; Polymer-drug conjugates: Design principles, emerging synthetic strategies and clinical overview. Int J Pharm. 2022, 623:121863.
7. Lu XY, et al.; Polymer nanoparticles. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2011,104:299-323.