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Application of Nanoparticles in CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Therapy
At present, genetic diseases are a large category of diseases that affect human health. So far, we can only treat a small part of them, and most of the treatment methods are “treating the symptoms but not the root cause”. Therefore, gene therapy that can “cure the root cause” is highly anticipated. Gene therapy is a treatment method that uses modern molecular biology methods to repair disease-causing genes to achieve relief and cure of diseases. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system won the Nobel Prize for related discoveries just a few years later, showing its vigorous vitality in gene editing. In gene therapy, safe…
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mRNA Nanocarriers
As an intermediate carrier, mRNA can transfer the genetic code in DNA to ribosomes for protein expression. It has great potential in vaccines, protein replacement therapy, and gene editing. Compared with traditional small molecule and protein drugs, mRNA-based therapies show some specific advantages in terms of safety, efficacy and preparation. However, despite these potential advantages of mRNA, how to deliver it safely, efficiently, and stably within cells remains an important obstacle. In recent years, nanobiotechnology has made significant progress, providing important tools for the development of mRNA nanocarriers. Nanocarrier systems can be directly used to load, protect, and release mRNA in biological microenvironments, and can be used to stimulate mRNA…
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The Mechanism of Adverse Immune Reactions of LNP-mRNA
Many clinical trials of mRNA-based drugs or vaccines have failed to successfully pass Phase I or Phase II. The reasons behind this are various, including low efficacy of candidate drugs and lower-than-expected clinical risk/treatment benefit profiles. Preclinical safety assessments aim to identify well-tolerated and efficacious LNP-mRNA formulations, and when toxicity is observed, in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo experiments aim to understand the underlying mechanisms and, ideally, improve the formulations design under development. The main safety issues of LNP-mRNA preparations in preclinical development can be divided into immunopathogenicity and liver and spleen toxicity (only studies on modified and/or dsRNA-purified mRNA are considered). Understand the different formulations of LNP-mRNA preparations…
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PLGA Nano Drug Carrier
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a functional polymer organic compound randomly polymerized by lactic acid (PLA) and glycolic acid (PGA). It has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration It is certified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is a copolymer material available on the market. PLGA has good biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical strength, good plasticity, surface modification, and drug encapsulation. It has a wide range of uses in the field of biomedical engineering and has been used in drug sustained-release carriers, artificial catheters and tissue engineering scaffold materials. As a drug carrier, PLGA is soluble in common solvents such as acetone and ethyl acetate. The size, shape…
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Progress in the Development of Targeted Anti-Tumor Antibody-Drug Conjugates
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are conjugated products of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and cytotoxic small molecules. In tumor treatment, although monoclonal antibodies have good targeting properties, most of them target extracellular or cell surface antigens, have weak anti-tumor activity, have limited therapeutic effect on solid tumors, and are more likely to develop drug resistance; conventional anti-tumor chemotherapy Although drugs have high anti-tumor cell activity, they lack targeting and often accidentally damage normal cells in the body, causing serious side effects. Antibody-drug conjugates complement each other perfectly, combining the high specificity of antibodies with the high toxicity of cytotoxic drugs to tumors. They can specifically kill tumor cells without damaging normal tissue cells,…
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Research on the Application of Nanoformulation in Transdermal Drug Delivery System
As a promising systemic drug delivery method, transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is easier and more convenient to operate than traditional oral, intravenous and subcutaneous injection methods. It can improve patient compliance while also avoiding First-pass effect and drug side effects. As the largest organ of the human body, the skin is also the body’s first line of defense against foreign microorganisms and chemical substances. Its drug permeability is lower, which is orders of magnitude different compared to the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract and lungs. Therefore, how to pass through the many barriers of human skin is the first problem faced during transdermal drug delivery. In the past…
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Application of Carrageenan Hydrogel in Biomedical Field
Hydrogel is a three-dimensional network of hydrophilic polymers that swells in water without dissolving. Because the polymer contains a large number of hydrophilic groups, the hydrogel can absorb and lock a large amount of water. After absorbing water, the hydrogel network can maintain its original shape without being destroyed. Hydrogels are widely used in tissue engineering, drug delivery, biosensing, etc. due to their simple preparation, strong tunability of mechanical properties, good biocompatibility, and elasticity and softness that are very similar to most tissues and extracellular matrices of the human body. The field is developing rapidly. Depending on the source from which the hydrogel is prepared, hydrogels can be divided into…
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Micelle vs Liposome
Micelles refer to molecularly ordered aggregates that begin to form in large quantities after the surfactant concentration reaches a certain value in an aqueous solution. In micelles, the hydrophobic groups of surfactant molecules aggregate to form the core of the micelle, and the hydrophilic polar groups form the outer layer of the micelle. Liposomes are an artificial membrane. In the water, the hydrophilic head of the phospholipid molecule is inserted into the water, and the hydrophobic tail of the liposome extends into the air. After stirring, a spherical liposome with a double layer of lipid molecules is formed, with a diameter ranging from 25 to 1000 nm. Micelles and liposomes…
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Application of 3D Printing Bioinks Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine
Introduction to 3D Printing In the 1980s, American engineer Charles Hull developed rapid prototyping technology by combining points and surfaces and then using light reinforcement. After numerous failures, he finally invented stereolithography technology. Based on this technology, the world’s The first 3D printer came into being. By the end of the 1990s, researchers combined 3D printing technology with the field of medical care to create substitutes for human organs for adjuvant treatment, which created a new field – 3D bioprinting. 3D bioprinting is a novel technology that can create structures that can combine living cells or biomaterials and control cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration on this structure. At present, 3D…
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Lipid Nanomedicine Delivery In Vivo
In the past few decades, the advent of lipid-based nano-delivery systems has brought research in the field of nanomedicines to new heights. Nanocarriers can encapsulate different types of drug molecules and have the advantages of improving drug solubility, extending circulation, achieving sustained and controlled drug release and targeted delivery. Lipids are important components of organisms, including fats, phospholipids, sterols, etc. Among them, phospholipids and sterols are the main components of biological membranes. Compared with other nanoformulations, lipid-based nanocarriers have good biocompatibility and complete biodegradability, low carrier toxicity and immunogenicity, and have great potential in clinical practice for the treatment of various diseases. Most of the nanomedicines currently on the market are…
