Despite advances in conventional vaccines, improvements are still needed due to concerns about low toxicity, instability, and the need for multiple vaccination. To overcome these problems, nanotechnology has recently been incorporated into vaccine development. With the development of nanotechnology, nanotechnology is playing an increasingly important role in vaccine development, and nanocarriers provide opportunities to enhance cellular and humoral immune responses. The application of nanoparticles in vaccine formulations can not only enhance the immunogenicity and stability of the antigen, but also can target delivery and sustained release. In the past decade, nanoscale materials such as virus-like particles, liposomes, ISCOMs, polymers, inorganic nanoparticles, and emulsions have attracted attention as potential carriers of…